The Royal Castle in Sandomierz stands on a slope overlooking the Vistula, on the southern edge of the Old Town. The present-day building is just one wing of the former, much larger royal residence – the rest was destroyed during the Swedish Deluge. Since 1986, the castle has housed a museum, which now operates as the Castle Museum in Sandomierz.
The town and the Gothic castle
The castle hill was already inhabited in the early Middle Ages, and Sandomierz was one of the main strongholds of the Piast state. Following the division of the realm in 1138, it became the capital of the Duchy of Sandomierz. In the 13th century, the town and its stronghold were ravaged by the Tatars on several occasions. Following the Lithuanian invasion in 1349, Casimir the Great ordered the construction of a walled defensive castle on the site of the former stronghold. The ground floor of the octagonal tower facing the town has survived from this phase – the oldest part of the castle visible today. The king stayed here on numerous occasions, and in 1395, Władysław Jagiełło concluded a treaty of alliance with the Pomeranian dukes at the castle. In 1478, Queen Elizabeth of Austria gave birth to her daughter Barbara here. Around 1480, the starost Rafał Jarosławski extended the castle: the Gothic building facing the Vistula was lengthened, and a tower known as „Kurza Noga” was erected on the corner.

The Jagiellonian Residence
Between 1520 and 1527, on the orders of Sigismund the Old, the castle was rebuilt in the Renaissance style by Benedykt of Sandomierz. The Gothic south wing was rebuilt, the east wing was added, and work began on the west wing, whilst two-storey arcaded cloisters were built around the courtyard. Above the entrance to the west wing, a foundation plaque dating from 1520 and bearing the king’s monogram and an eagle has been preserved. A further extension was carried out between 1564 and 1566 during the reign of Sigismund Augustus: the west wing was lengthened, the north-west tower was erected, and a wall with a gate facing the town was built. At that time, the castle served as the seat of the royal governor and the provincial and municipal courts of the Sandomierz region.
The Swedish Deluge
On 13 October 1655, the castle and the town were captured by Swedish troops. In the spring of 1656, Crown forces recaptured the town, but not the castle. On the orders of Charles X Gustav, the Swedish garrison evacuated during the night of 2 to 3 April, leaving a large quantity of gunpowder in the cellars. An explosion occurred whilst the abandoned castle was being plundered, claiming many lives. According to legend, a nobleman from Sandomierz named Bobola survived, having been thrown, along with his horse, to the other side of the Vistula. Only the west wing of the castle survived.

Reconstruction and the Partitions
The west wing was renovated between 1680 and 1688 during the reign of Jan III Sobieski, and an extension was added to its northern section, creating a state room. Stables were built on the site of the south wing. After 1784, a brick retaining wall was built beneath „Kurza Noga” to protect the castle from being eroded by the Vistula. Following the Third Partition, the Austrian authorities established a prison and a criminal court within the castle. Around 1825, the interior was divided into cells, and around 1844, the façade facing the courtyard was rebuilt in the Classical style. The prison operated in the castle until 1959.
Museum
Following the closure of the prison, renovation work began, which lasted almost thirty years. By a resolution of the Municipal National Council dated 25 June 1986, the castle was transferred to the Regional Museum in Sandomierz on a freehold basis. In 1998, the castle hill was stabilised; in the following years, the interiors and the attic were renovated; and between 2004 and 2005, the south tower and the knights’ hall were restored.

Architecture
The surviving west wing combines Gothic remains and a Renaissance lower section dating from the time of Sigismund the Old – with a façade of rhombus-patterned Zendrówka brickwork – a Baroque superstructure and a Classical façade facing the courtyard. To the south, the wing is flanked by the 15th-century „Kurza Noga” tower, whilst the interior houses the Knights’ Hall. The museum’s conservation workshop is located in the cellars. From the castle, there is a view over the Vistula valley.
The castle today
The Castle Museum in Sandomierz hosts permanent and temporary exhibitions in the castle, featuring archaeological, art, ethnographic and historical collections. The Knights„ Hall is used for concerts and conferences. The museum organises educational activities and museum games, known as ”quests’, for children and schools, and every Tuesday admission to the permanent exhibitions is free for individual visitors. The castle is best visited in conjunction with the Old Town – it is just a short walk from here to the Market Square, the cathedral and the Opatowska Gate. The museum is carrying out the ‘Open Castle’ project – a comprehensive modernisation of its buildings co-financed by European funds – which is why some facilities and areas may be temporarily closed to visitors.